WDR_2006 Equity and development_out.html

Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized world development report Equity and Development world development report Equity and Development world development report Equity and Development copublication of The World Bank and Oxford University Press The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The World Bank Street NW Washington DC Telephone Internet www

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org All rights reserved copublication of The World Bank and Oxford University Press

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Oxford University Press Madison Avenue New York NY This volume is product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The World Bank

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The findings interpretations and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent

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The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work

Label: 17, with a score of: 0.637278346051811

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The boundaries colors denominations and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries

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Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted

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Copying and or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be violation of applicable law

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The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly

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For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work please send request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc

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All other queries on rights and licenses including subsidiary rights should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher The World Bank Street NW Washington DC USA fax mail pubrights worldbank

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Cover image Dream of Sunday Afternoon in Alameda Park fresco by Diego Rivera

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The mural is located in Museo Mural Diego Rivera Mexico City

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Reproduction authorized by the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes Literatura Mexico Copyright Photograph by Francisco Kochen

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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data has been applied for

Label: 17, with a score of: 0.851744941703599

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Contents Foreword xi Acknowledgments iii Abbreviations and Data Notes Overview iv Inequity within and across nations Why does equity matter for development

Label: 17, with a score of: 0.750880054585421

Word	Score	PoS
datum	0.0739231123597559	NN
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Leveling the economic and political playing fields Introduction Equity and inequality of opportunity the basic concepts Inequality traps brief preview of the Report Part Inequity within and across countries focus on Palanpur Inequity within countries individuals and groups Inequalities in health Inequalities in education Economic inequalities The relationship between group differences and inequality Agency and equity inequalities of power The inequality trap for women Equity from global perspective Examples and concepts Global inequalities in health Global inequalities in education Global inequalities in income and expenditure vi CONTENTS Global inequalities in power glimpse of the future focus on empowerment Part II Why does equity matter

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Word	Score	PoS
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Word	Score	PoS
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Equity and well being Ethical and philosophical approaches to equity Equity and legal institutions People prefer fairness Income inequality and poverty reduction Inequality and investment Markets wealth status and investment behavior The evidence on underinvestment Inequalities and investment focus on Spain Equity institutions and the development process The distribution of power and institutional quality circles vicious and virtuous Institutions and political inequality matter for development historical evidence Institutions and political inequality matter for development contemporary evidence Transitions to more equitable institutions Conclusion focus on Indonesia Part III Leveling the economic and political playing fields Human capacities Early childhood development better start in life Basic education expanding opportunities to learn Toward better health for all Social protection managing risk and providing social assistance Summary Contents Justice land and infrastructure Building equitable justice systems Toward greater equity in access to land Providing infrastructure equitably Summary focus on taxation Markets and the macroeconomy How markets relate to equity Achieving equity and efficiency in financial markets Achieving equity and efficiency in labor markets Product markets and trade reform Macroeconomic management and equity focus on regional inequality Achieving greater global equity Making global markets work more equitably Providing development assistance to help build endowments Transitions to greater equity Summary focus on drug access Epilogue Bibliographic note Endnotes References Selected Indicators Measuring Equity Selected world development indicators Index vii CONTENTS viii Boxes

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.757675497523946

Word	Score	PoS
approach	0	NN
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world	0.00276879546803864	NN

Label: 16, with a score of: 0.287884662222346

Word	Score	PoS
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Label: 9, with a score of: 0.24440099164025

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Label: 17, with a score of: 0.210948815701958

Word	Score	PoS
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Label: 1, with a score of: 0.199853102538032

Word	Score	PoS
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Label: 8, with a score of: 0.194357041685398

Word	Score	PoS
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Label: 4, with a score of: 0.143745588362071

Word	Score	PoS
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world	0.0017440716962658	NN

Label: 7, with a score of: 0.100820706258913

Word	Score	PoS
approach	0	NN
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people	0.0108156764915259	NNS
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inequality	0	NN
poverty	0	NN
reduction	0	NN
investment	0.0383371018038178	NN
market	0	NN
status	0	NN
evidence	0	NN
focus	0	NN
development	0	NN
process	0	NN
power	0	NN
institutional	0	JJ
quality	0	NN
political	0	JJ
historical	0	JJ
equitable	0	JJ
conclusion	0	NN
level	0	NN
economic	0	JJ
field	0	NN
human	0	JJ
capacity	0	NN
childhood	0	NN
life	0.0188084899376888	NN
basic	0	JJ
education	0	NN
expand	0.0449973847138318	VB
opportunity	0.0549574626423028	NN
learn	0	VB
health	0	NN
social	0	JJ
protection	0	NN
manage	0	VB
risk	0	NN
provide	0	VB
assistance	0	NN
justice	0	NN
land	0.0325677023224526	NN
infrastructure	0.0651354046449052	NN
building	0	NN
system	0	NN
access	0.0157161992303584	NN
taxation	0	NN
achieve	0	VB
efficiency	0.134992154141495	NN
financial	0	JJ
product	0	NN
trade	0	NN
reform	0	NN
macroeconomic	0	JJ
management	0	NN
regional	0	JJ
global	0.0251662980592747	JJ
build	0	VB
drug	0	NN
measure	0	NN
world	0.00261936653839306	NN

Label: 3, with a score of: 0.0920298397765545

Word	Score	PoS
approach	0	NN
legal	0	JJ
institution	0	NN
people	0.00539943740774902	NNS
income	0	NN
inequality	0.0307735781890304	NN
poverty	0.00914534810831654	NN
reduction	0.0149758277542848	NN
investment	0	NN
market	0	NN
status	0	NN
evidence	0	NN
focus	0	NN
development	0.00837573444202498	NN
process	0	NN
power	0	NN
institutional	0	JJ
quality	0.0152605842304358	NN
political	0	JJ
historical	0	JJ
equitable	0	JJ
conclusion	0	NN
level	0	NN
economic	0	JJ
field	0	NN
human	0	JJ
capacity	0.00625975725959118	NN
childhood	0	NN
life	0.0250390290383647	NN
basic	0	JJ
education	0.0152605842304358	NN
expand	0	VB
opportunity	0	NN
learn	0	VB
health	0.191387734041787	NN
social	0	JJ
protection	0.020806307400253	NN
manage	0	VB
risk	0.0703902516159815	NN
provide	0.0100171139310145	VB
assistance	0	NN
justice	0	NN
land	0	NN
infrastructure	0	NN
building	0	NN
system	0	NN
access	0.00610236075888593	NN
taxation	0	NN
achieve	0.00385756426954823	VB
efficiency	0	NN
financial	0.00625975725959118	JJ
product	0	NN
trade	0.0149758277542848	NN
reform	0	NN
macroeconomic	0	JJ
management	0.0127591822694525	NN
regional	0	JJ
global	0.013959557403375	JJ
build	0	VB
drug	0.0407408489778079	NN
measure	0	NN
world	0.00087176582269799	NN

Unequal opportunities persist across generations in Brazil

Label: 9, with a score of: 0.588714555256992

Word	Score	PoS
opportunity	0.0135141354781442	NN
persist	0	VB
generation	0.0909486002868787	NN

Label: 12, with a score of: 0.461888114354142

Word	Score	PoS
opportunity	0	NN
persist	0	VB
generation	0.0819583881728876	NN

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.43910643308068

Word	Score	PoS
opportunity	0.029046330719385	NN
persist	0.0488696285210061	VB
generation	0	NN

Label: 7, with a score of: 0.309720571078028

Word	Score	PoS
opportunity	0.0549574626423028	NN
persist	0	VB
generation	0	NN

Better maternal health in Malaysia and Sri Lanka

Label: 3, with a score of: 0.951959887679572

Word	Score	PoS
maternal	0.184641469134183	JJ
health	0.191387734041787	NN

Unequal assets unequal opportunities AIDS orphans in Southern Africa

Label: 3, with a score of: 0.628620328992891

Word	Score	PoS
asset	0	NN
opportunity	0	NN
aid	0.123094312756122	NN
southern	0.0416126148005059	JJ
africa	0	IN

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.369897026439883

Word	Score	PoS
asset	0	NN
opportunity	0.0361300980868102	NN
aid	0.0607878664258118	NN
southern	0	JJ
africa	0	IN

Label: 2, with a score of: 0.32739811546913

Word	Score	PoS
asset	0	NN
opportunity	0.0261926252110933	NN
aid	0	NN
southern	0.0595900566394012	JJ
africa	0	IN

Label: 16, with a score of: 0.309881660465504

Word	Score	PoS
asset	0.0811931365363091	NN
opportunity	0	NN
aid	0	NN
southern	0	JJ
africa	0	IN

Health improvements and greater health equity in Peru

Label: 3, with a score of: 0.862136487845232

Word	Score	PoS
health	0.191387734041787	NN
improvement	0	NN

Child test scores in Ecuador the role of wealth parental education and place of residence

Label: 4, with a score of: 0.846396312074516

Word	Score	PoS
child	0.076326555629389	NN
education	0.244244978014045	NN

Label: 3, with a score of: 0.322336847965051

Word	Score	PoS
child	0.10682408961305	NN
education	0.0152605842304358	NN

Beware of intercountry comparisons of inequality

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.998828889740146

Word	Score	PoS
inequality	0.635305170773079	NN

Revisiting the Kuznets hypothesis for economic growth and inequality

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.910416094739929

Word	Score	PoS
economic	0.103276847978089	JJ
growth	0.11178243319132	NN
inequality	0.635305170773079	NN

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.360830006145088

Word	Score	PoS
economic	0.128463821595706	JJ
growth	0.208565600657229	NN
inequality	0	NN

Inequitable agencies and institutions in Pakistan

Label: 16, with a score of: 0.912795836077049

Word	Score	PoS
agency	0	NN
institution	0.274477239401321	NN

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.32964357822037

Word	Score	PoS
agency	0	NN
institution	0.0991236547760315	NN

Legacies of discrimination and the reproduction of inequalities and poverty among the Batwa in Uganda

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.878833745616827

Word	Score	PoS
discrimination	0	NN
inequality	0.635305170773079	NN
poverty	0.05809266143877	NN

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.435490013148678

Word	Score	PoS
discrimination	0.0736315832425121	NN
inequality	0	NN
poverty	0.269969049497485	NN

Sex ratios and missing women

Label: 5, with a score of: 0.86047859807025

Word	Score	PoS
sex	0	NN
ratio	0.0688661930304451	NN
woman	0.221979360474357	NN

Mobilizing support for universal coverage in Thailand

Label: 17, with a score of: 0.626812171995293

Word	Score	PoS
mobilize	0.0898760357768464	VB
support	0.0451108483130998	NN
universal	0.0109843026967392	JJ
coverage	0	NN

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.469436493128527

Word	Score	PoS
mobilize	0	VB
support	0.0184786920895884	NN
universal	0	JJ
coverage	0.0908430554521382	NN

Label: 7, with a score of: 0.31675701194055

Word	Score	PoS
mobilize	0	VB
support	0.0188084899376888	NN
universal	0.0549574626423028	JJ
coverage	0	NN

Label: 15, with a score of: 0.306150272087233

Word	Score	PoS
mobilize	0.0633470357346975	VB
support	0.00794883334420673	NN
universal	0	JJ
coverage	0	NN

Public works programs key issues

Label: 5, with a score of: 0.440442078910441

Word	Score	PoS
public	0.0727679293221751	NN
key	0	NN
issue	0	NN

Label: 17, with a score of: 0.417722852362004

Word	Score	PoS
public	0.0390556786919513	NN
key	0	NN
issue	0.0299586785922821	NN

Label: 7, with a score of: 0.378390508639713

Word	Score	PoS
public	0	NN
key	0.0625160381065121	NN
issue	0	NN

Label: 11, with a score of: 0.353327264521929

Word	Score	PoS
public	0.0583751976558017	NN
key	0	NN
issue	0	NN

Label: 15, with a score of: 0.319830364071884

Word	Score	PoS
public	0	NN
key	0.0528409850971592	NN
issue	0	NN

Africa orphans and public action

Label: 5, with a score of: 0.698912833430828

Word	Score	PoS
africa	0	IN
public	0.0727679293221751	NN
action	0.0409315617631	NN

Label: 11, with a score of: 0.358833398516282

Word	Score	PoS
africa	0	IN
public	0.0583751976558017	NN
action	0	NN

Label: 17, with a score of: 0.307596672978644

Word	Score	PoS
africa	0	IN
public	0.0390556786919513	NN
action	0.0109843026967392	NN

Increasing legal literacy and public awareness My Rights on Armenian public television

Label: 4, with a score of: 0.625954512346475

Word	Score	PoS
increase	0.0144029596227568	NN
legal	0	JJ
literacy	0.244520809605025	NN
public	0	NN
awareness	0	NN
rights	0.0352060273355634	NNS

Label: 5, with a score of: 0.485910331555699

Word	Score	PoS
increase	0.00402768349408688	NN
legal	0	JJ
literacy	0	NN
public	0.0727679293221751	NN
awareness	0	NN
rights	0.078760887431929	NNS

Label: 12, with a score of: 0.317690823566775

Word	Score	PoS
increase	0.00958677785775002	NN
legal	0	JJ
literacy	0	NN
public	0.028867295332595	NN
awareness	0.0819583881728876	NN
rights	0	NNS

Affirmative action in India and the United States

Label: 13, with a score of: 0.841145587469872

Word	Score	PoS
action	0.0369195714265843	NN
unite	0.0828215106044499	VB

Label: 17, with a score of: 0.336805438429789

Word	Score	PoS
action	0.0109843026967392	NN
unite	0.036961556179878	VB

State frameworks and customary institutions in South Africa

Label: 16, with a score of: 0.881043263245518

Word	Score	PoS
framework	0	NN
institution	0.274477239401321	NN
south	0	RB
africa	0	IN

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.318176576167782

Word	Score	PoS
framework	0	NN
institution	0.0991236547760315	NN
south	0	RB
africa	0	IN

The impact of legal aid in Ecuador

Label: 3, with a score of: 0.560092703061739

Word	Score	PoS
impact	0	NN
legal	0	JJ
aid	0.123094312756122	NN

Label: 16, with a score of: 0.499560688071072

Word	Score	PoS
impact	0.0285977592242194	NN
legal	0.0811931365363091	JJ
aid	0	NN

Label: 12, with a score of: 0.394048135390656

Word	Score	PoS
impact	0.0866018859977851	NN
legal	0	JJ
aid	0	NN

Label: 14, with a score of: 0.376036084073701

Word	Score	PoS
impact	0.042459973210532	NN
legal	0.0401833161726777	JJ
aid	0	NN

Bogota Colombia civic culture program

Label: 4, with a score of: 0.801726288699618

Word	Score	PoS
culture	0.0832510082312742	NN

Land reform in South Africa picking up steam

Label: 15, with a score of: 0.663612706631554

Word	Score	PoS
land	0.123873694868802	NN
reform	0	NN
south	0	RB
africa	0	IN

Label: 5, with a score of: 0.618363796272937

Word	Score	PoS
land	0.024255976440725	NN
reform	0.0911713013253052	NN
south	0	RB
africa	0	IN

Clarifying how customary rights fit with formal systems

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.627161571572447

Word	Score	PoS
rights	0.0519476926891779	NNS
system	0.0519476926891779	NN

Label: 5, with a score of: 0.4754378816765

Word	Score	PoS
rights	0.078760887431929	NNS
system	0	NN

Label: 2, with a score of: 0.456358090535961

Word	Score	PoS
rights	0	NNS
system	0.0756001353333673	NN

Land and output tax combinations

Label: 15, with a score of: 0.714382577005257

Word	Score	PoS
land	0.123873694868802	NN
tax	0	NN

Label: 16, with a score of: 0.468242770794726

Word	Score	PoS
land	0	NN
tax	0.0811931365363091	NN

Three competing concepts of inequality global international and intercountry

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.989897565046688

Word	Score	PoS
inequality	0.635305170773079	NN
global	0.0133009891881297	JJ
international	0.00571634317201755	JJ

Lagging infrastructure in Africa

Label: 9, with a score of: 0.919159986012171

Word	Score	PoS
infrastructure	0.192202909044225	NN
africa	0	IN

Label: 7, with a score of: 0.311492983743198

Word	Score	PoS
infrastructure	0.0651354046449052	NN
africa	0	IN

The distributional impact of infrastructure privatization in Latin America mixed bag

Label: 9, with a score of: 0.789872034279622

Word	Score	PoS
impact	0.0160169090870187	NN
infrastructure	0.192202909044225	NN

Label: 12, with a score of: 0.438026879346046

Word	Score	PoS
impact	0.0866018859977851	NN
infrastructure	0.028867295332595	NN

simple representation of different concepts of equity

Label: 5, with a score of: 0.705615612442762

Word	Score	PoS
simple	0	JJ
representation	0.0688661930304451	NN

Label: 17, with a score of: 0.501377028288135

Word	Score	PoS
simple	0.048933054487825	JJ
representation	0	NN

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.500727154228712

Word	Score	PoS
simple	0	JJ
representation	0.0488696285210061	NN

Capuchin monkeys don like inequity either

Label: 0, with a score of: 1

Worker perceptions of unfairness product quality and consumer safety

Label: 12, with a score of: 0.794632462904136

Word	Score	PoS
worker	0	NN
product	0.0199423462679015	NN
quality	0.0203215381458133	NN
consumer	0.325511803779102	NN
safety	0	NN

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.458138172897741

Word	Score	PoS
worker	0.121575732851624	NN
product	0.0591643007226199	NN
quality	0.030144637392549	NN
consumer	0	NN
safety	0	NN

The pro poor agenda for urban water in Senegal

Label: 6, with a score of: 0.8007873873745

Word	Score	PoS
poor	0.0642010940957526	JJ
agenda	0	NN
urban	0	JJ
water	0.556409482163189	NN

Label: 11, with a score of: 0.445086636625986

Word	Score	PoS
poor	0.0229054731708393	JJ
agenda	0	NN
urban	0.27622591898666	JJ
water	0.0458109463416786	NN

Label: 12, with a score of: 0.2850031513658

Word	Score	PoS
poor	0.0339811641917276	JJ
agenda	0	NN
urban	0	JJ
water	0.186896403054502	NN

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.194399266117206

Word	Score	PoS
poor	0.150659516460257	JJ
agenda	0	NN
urban	0	JJ
water	0	NN

Addressing accountability and transparency in telecommunications in Brazil and Peru

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.660807911846936

Word	Score	PoS
address	0.064698038783335	NN
accountability	0	NN
transparency	0	NN

Banking in the nineteenth century Mexico and the United States

Label: 13, with a score of: 0.959621941966712

Word	Score	PoS
banking	0	NN
century	0.219293228426234	NN
unite	0.0828215106044499	VB

Markets and development policy equity and social welfare in China

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.540835376657074

Word	Score	PoS
market	0.0202620733250388	NN
development	0.0177346522508396	NN
policy	0.0848203862485078	NN
social	0.101310366625194	JJ
welfare	0	NN

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.421145827249531

Word	Score	PoS
market	0	NN
development	0.0164833460638534	NN
policy	0.0450489732120807	NN
social	0.112994637345193	JJ
welfare	0	NN

Label: 17, with a score of: 0.34204829833946

Word	Score	PoS
market	0.030649619577211	NN
development	0.0469463607292177	NN
policy	0.0641521854453136	NN
social	0	JJ
welfare	0	NN

Label: 12, with a score of: 0.315778063196544

Word	Score	PoS
market	0.0169905820958638	NN
development	0.022306853314744	NN
policy	0.0203215381458133	NN
social	0.0169905820958638	JJ
welfare	0.0542519672965169	NN

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.304873458568147

Word	Score	PoS
market	0.0252035516550537	NN
development	0.0055149369084567	NN
policy	0.0452169560888236	NN
social	0.0504071033101074	JJ
welfare	0	NN

Growth with poor institutions does not last

Label: 16, with a score of: 0.562660379083698

Word	Score	PoS
growth	0	NN
poor	0	JJ
institution	0.274477239401321	NN

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.511796609314131

Word	Score	PoS
growth	0.208565600657229	NN
poor	0	JJ
institution	0.0410992516792148	NN

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.415331520215525

Word	Score	PoS
growth	0.0519476926891779	NN
poor	0.150659516460257	JJ
institution	0	NN

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.432343678716694

Word	Score	PoS
growth	0.11178243319132	NN
poor	0	JJ
institution	0.0991236547760315	NN

Too much and too little regulation Russia before and after the transition

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.935352333071656

Word	Score	PoS
regulation	0.0977392570420122	NN

Label: 17, with a score of: 0.353717419725704

Word	Score	PoS
regulation	0.036961556179878	NN

Polarization conflict and growth

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.64731898137395

Word	Score	PoS
conflict	0	NN
growth	0.208565600657229	NN

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.61828494264116

Word	Score	PoS
conflict	0.147263166485024	NN
growth	0.0519476926891779	NN

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.346935882815242

Word	Score	PoS
conflict	0	NN
growth	0.11178243319132	NN

Organizing in the informal economy

Label: 16, with a score of: 0.606199034148427

Word	Score	PoS
organize	0.107490825192354	VB
economy	0	NN

Label: 13, with a score of: 0.473691142140013

Word	Score	PoS
organize	0	VB
economy	0.0839946104936743	NN

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.463561920332812

Word	Score	PoS
organize	0	VB
economy	0.0821985033584295	NN

Label: 7, with a score of: 0.352561828892254

Word	Score	PoS
organize	0	VB
economy	0.0625160381065121	NN

Aiding equitable growth in early modern Britain the role of the Poor Laws

Label: 7, with a score of: 0.679601051730176

Word	Score	PoS
aid	0	NN
equitable	0	JJ
growth	0	NN
modern	0.462321869452858	JJ
poor	0	JJ
law	0	NN

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.485299122314388

Word	Score	PoS
aid	0.0607878664258118	NN
equitable	0	JJ
growth	0.208565600657229	NN
modern	0.0607878664258118	JJ
poor	0	JJ
law	0	NN

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.297827296357461

Word	Score	PoS
aid	0	NN
equitable	0	JJ
growth	0.0519476926891779	NN
modern	0	JJ
poor	0.150659516460257	JJ
law	0	NN

Label: 16, with a score of: 0.242084616235729

Word	Score	PoS
aid	0	NN
equitable	0	JJ
growth	0	NN
modern	0	JJ
poor	0	JJ
law	0.164686343640793	NN

Employment protection legislation

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.566821089116102

Word	Score	PoS
employment	0.173804667214358	NN
protection	0	NN
legislation	0	NN

Label: 5, with a score of: 0.462315531027861

Word	Score	PoS
employment	0.0393804437159645	NN
protection	0.0465610847355851	NN
legislation	0.0558185411034276	NN

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.400611404407763

Word	Score	PoS
employment	0	NN
protection	0.122839698738001	NN
legislation	0	NN

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.344691798011644

Word	Score	PoS
employment	0	NN
protection	0.0660824365173543	NN
legislation	0.0396106020715138	NN

Label: 9, with a score of: 0.339222859424484

Word	Score	PoS
employment	0.104016094894625	NN
protection	0	NN
legislation	0	NN

ECD programs are an essential ingredient for the attainment of education for all

Label: 4, with a score of: 0.883156041463903

Word	Score	PoS
essential	0	JJ
education	0.244244978014045	NN

Two cases of labor market reform One comprehensive one partial

Label: 2, with a score of: 0.623565852887171

Word	Score	PoS
market	0.0913569596328122	NN
reform	0	NN

Label: 5, with a score of: 0.622298623971809

Word	Score	PoS
market	0	NN
reform	0.0911713013253052	NN

School fees an instrument of exclusion or accountability

Label: 4, with a score of: 0.801178309640881

Word	Score	PoS
school	0.208127520578185	NN
exclusion	0	NN
accountability	0	NN

Label: 5, with a score of: 0.358469952074294

Word	Score	PoS
school	0.0931221694711702	NN
exclusion	0	NN
accountability	0	NN

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.349696596622914

Word	Score	PoS
school	0	NN
exclusion	0.0908430554521382	NN
accountability	0	NN

Did the Russian crisis have equitable consequences

Label: 6, with a score of: 0.70649270686921

Word	Score	PoS
equitable	0.0502364757923669	JJ

Desegregating Roma schools in Bulgaria the Vidin model

Label: 4, with a score of: 0.880363915968638

Word	Score	PoS
school	0.208127520578185	NN

Label: 5, with a score of: 0.393899843477631

Word	Score	PoS
school	0.0931221694711702	NN

International law globalization and equity

Label: 16, with a score of: 0.90146881853727

Word	Score	PoS
international	0.0189945307832458	JJ
law	0.164686343640793	NN

Making migrant worker schemes more development friendly

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.888951982852328

Word	Score	PoS
migrant	0.121575732851624	NN
worker	0.121575732851624	NN
development	0.0055149369084567	NN

Remedying education the Balsakhi program in India

Label: 4, with a score of: 0.961591108592945

Word	Score	PoS
education	0.244244978014045	NN

School vouchers efficient and equitable

Label: 4, with a score of: 0.809671604999597

Word	Score	PoS
school	0.208127520578185	NN
efficient	0	JJ
equitable	0.0299609328954485	JJ

Label: 12, with a score of: 0.36899124501408

Word	Score	PoS
school	0	NN
efficient	0.108503934593034	JJ
equitable	0	JJ

Label: 5, with a score of: 0.316682204939924

Word	Score	PoS
school	0.0931221694711702	NN
efficient	0	JJ
equitable	0	JJ

Working with mothers to treat malaria

Label: 3, with a score of: 1

Word	Score	PoS
mother	0.162963395911232	NN
malaria	0.20370424488904	NN

Cotton subsidies are huge and tenacious

Label: 14, with a score of: 0.907401690205895

Word	Score	PoS
subsidy	0.162850158165781	NN

Label: 12, with a score of: 0.370149539849056

Word	Score	PoS
subsidy	0.0664302389559493	NN

Will improved working conditions in Cambodia textile industry survive the end of the quota system

Label: 9, with a score of: 0.702489119371758

Word	Score	PoS
improve	0	VB
condition	0	NN
textile	0.0602029956716497	NN
industry	0.181897200573757	NN
survive	0	VB
quota	0	NN
system	0	NN

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.396504302286664

Word	Score	PoS
improve	0.0150723186962745	VB
condition	0.121575732851624	NN
textile	0	NN
industry	0	NN
survive	0	VB
quota	0	NN
system	0	NN

Expanding access to antiretroviral drugs in South Africa

Label: 3, with a score of: 0.676828713037935

Word	Score	PoS
expand	0	VB
access	0.00610236075888593	NN
antiretroviral	0.0407408489778079	JJ
drug	0.0407408489778079	NN
south	0	RB
africa	0	IN

Label: 7, with a score of: 0.469180093820691

Word	Score	PoS
expand	0.0449973847138318	VB
access	0.0157161992303584	NN
antiretroviral	0	JJ
drug	0	NN
south	0	RB
africa	0	IN

Poor people and ethnic minorities receive lower quality care Figures Wealth matters for the immunization of children Opportunities are determined early Life expectancy improved and became more equal until the onset of the AIDS crisis long run diverging trend in income inequality begins to reverse because of growth in China and India Children performance differs when their caste is made salient Contents Catching up through early interventions Better to be close to economic opportunities

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.659643270880292

Word	Score	PoS
poor	0	JJ
people	0.00571634317201755	NNS
receive	0	VB
quality	0.0121171980355011	NN
care	0	NN
figure	0	NN
child	0.0242343960710022	NN
opportunity	0.029046330719385	NN
determine	0	VB
life	0	NN
expectancy	0	NN
improve	0.0121171980355011	VB
equal	0.0202620733250388	JJ
aid	0	NN
income	0.166475342664294	NN
inequality	0.635305170773079	NN
reverse	0	NN
growth	0.11178243319132	NN
performance	0.064698038783335	NN
intervention	0	NN
economic	0.103276847978089	JJ

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.361788757640252

Word	Score	PoS
poor	0	JJ
people	0.0106656521351091	NNS
receive	0	VB
quality	0.030144637392549	NN
care	0	NN
figure	0	NN
child	0.0452169560888236	NN
opportunity	0.0361300980868102	NN
determine	0	VB
life	0.0123650647908625	NN
expectancy	0	NN
improve	0.0150723186962745	VB
equal	0.0504071033101074	JJ
aid	0.0607878664258118	NN
income	0	NN
inequality	0	NN
reverse	0	NN
growth	0.208565600657229	NN
performance	0	NN
intervention	0	NN
economic	0.128463821595706	JJ

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.280324681054974

Word	Score	PoS
poor	0.150659516460257	JJ
people	0.0371911007748996	NNS
receive	0	VB
quality	0	NN
care	0	NN
figure	0	NN
child	0.0450489732120807	NN
opportunity	0	NN
determine	0	VB
life	0.0184786920895884	NN
expectancy	0	NN
improve	0	VB
equal	0.0376648791150643	JJ
aid	0	NN
income	0.0442083771593746	NN
inequality	0	NN
reverse	0	NN
growth	0.0519476926891779	NN
performance	0	NN
intervention	0	NN
economic	0.0959899298575892	JJ

Label: 3, with a score of: 0.378737774343013

Word	Score	PoS
poor	0	JJ
people	0.00539943740774902	NNS
receive	0.0814816979556159	VB
quality	0.0152605842304358	NN
care	0.104031537001265	NN
figure	0	NN
child	0.10682408961305	NN
opportunity	0	NN
determine	0.0307735781890304	VB
life	0.0250390290383647	NN
expectancy	0.0407408489778079	NN
improve	0	VB
equal	0	JJ
aid	0.123094312756122	NN
income	0	NN
inequality	0.0307735781890304	NN
reverse	0	NN
growth	0	NN
performance	0	NN
intervention	0.0407408489778079	NN
economic	0	JJ

Absolute poverty declined globally but not in every region

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.894841866987743

Word	Score	PoS
poverty	0.269969049497485	NN
decline	0	NN
globally	0	RB
region	0.184259548107002	NN

Label: 3, with a score of: 0.333285581347717

Word	Score	PoS
poverty	0.00914534810831654	NN
decline	0.0351951258079907	NN
globally	0	RB
region	0.124837844401518	NN

The interaction of political economic and sociocultural inequalities

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.952088541144326

Word	Score	PoS
political	0.0792212041430275	JJ
economic	0.103276847978089	JJ
inequality	0.635305170773079	NN

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.149557899833203

Word	Score	PoS
political	0	JJ
economic	0.128463821595706	JJ
inequality	0	NN

There is no one to one relationship between voice and income

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.849085705657264

Word	Score	PoS
voice	0.064698038783335	NN
income	0.166475342664294	NN

Label: 9, with a score of: 0.406408302872692

Word	Score	PoS
voice	0	NN
income	0.110649350233433	NN

Infant mortality varies across countries but also by mother education within countries

Label: 3, with a score of: 0.862605215013113

Word	Score	PoS
infant	0	NN
mortality	0.276962203701274	NN
country	0	NN
mother	0.162963395911232	NN
education	0.0152605842304358	NN

Label: 4, with a score of: 0.462858933891487

Word	Score	PoS
infant	0	NN
mortality	0	NN
country	0	NN
mother	0	NN
education	0.244244978014045	NN

The distribution of observed offers in ultimatum games

Label: 0, with a score of: 1

Stunting levels of children born in rural versus urban areas are far from the same

Label: 11, with a score of: 0.625071019650881

Word	Score	PoS
stunt	0	NN
level	0.00692515656684925	NN
child	0.0273960270556257	NN
bear	0	NN
rural	0.0373517915079663	JJ
urban	0.27622591898666	JJ

Label: 2, with a score of: 0.585394988697287

Word	Score	PoS
stunt	0.11668334276823	NN
level	0.00552410547653725	NN
child	0.0546336178945768	NN
bear	0	NN
rural	0.148975141598503	JJ
urban	0	JJ

Label: 3, with a score of: 0.338329591246386

Word	Score	PoS
stunt	0	NN
level	0	NN
child	0.10682408961305	NN
bear	0.0814816979556159	NN
rural	0	JJ
urban	0	JJ

Views on inequality from the World Values Survey

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.988987303096995

Word	Score	PoS
view	0	NN
inequality	0.635305170773079	NN
world	0.00276879546803864	NN
value	0	NN
survey	0.064698038783335	NN

Access to childhood immunization services depends on parents economic status

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.434651585360518

Word	Score	PoS
access	0.00344404437204141	NN
childhood	0	NN
service	0.0197870712294258	NN
depend	0	VB
economic	0.128463821595706	JJ
status	0	NN

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.462702071295426

Word	Score	PoS
access	0.00138439773401932	NN
childhood	0	NN
service	0.00795378154685591	NN
depend	0	VB
economic	0.103276847978089	JJ
status	0.0488696285210061	NN

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.416879215773482

Word	Score	PoS
access	0.00514687440545096	NN
childhood	0	NN
service	0.0443555132287109	NN
depend	0	VB
economic	0.0959899298575892	JJ
status	0	NN

and on average growth is distribution neutral

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.680001845465377

Word	Score	PoS
average	0.146608885563018	NN
growth	0.11178243319132	NN
neutral	0	JJ

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.54887677353568

Word	Score	PoS
average	0	NN
growth	0.208565600657229	NN
neutral	0	JJ

Label: 13, with a score of: 0.435918515581403

Word	Score	PoS
average	0.1656430212089	NN
growth	0	NN
neutral	0	JJ

Stunting and underweight in Cambodia ix

Label: 2, with a score of: 1

Word	Score	PoS
stunt	0.11668334276823	NN

Growth is the key to poverty reduction

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.63629077920588

Word	Score	PoS
growth	0.0519476926891779	NN
key	0	NN
poverty	0.269969049497485	NN
reduction	0	NN

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.555071674349272

Word	Score	PoS
growth	0.208565600657229	NN
key	0	NN
poverty	0.0722601961736204	NN
reduction	0	NN

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.429784217201751

Word	Score	PoS
growth	0.11178243319132	NN
key	0	NN
poverty	0.05809266143877	NN
reduction	0.0475643836183697	NN

The national growth incidence curves for Tunisia and Senegal

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.806769150229087

Word	Score	PoS
national	0.0055149369084567	JJ
growth	0.208565600657229	NN
incidence	0	NN

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.454672362588984

Word	Score	PoS
national	0.00886732612541978	JJ
growth	0.11178243319132	NN
incidence	0	NN

Education levels vary across countries but they also depend on gender of household head

Label: 4, with a score of: 0.706290511445205

Word	Score	PoS
education	0.244244978014045	NN
level	0.0231525547935232	NN
country	0	NN
depend	0	VB
gender	0.10561808200669	NN
household	0	NN

Label: 5, with a score of: 0.590673663563722

Word	Score	PoS
education	0.0512260062633133	NN
level	0.0172651853471334	NN
country	0	NN
depend	0	VB
gender	0.196902218579822	NN
household	0.0465610847355851	NN

Greater inequality reduces the power of growth to reduce poverty

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.870834288404106

Word	Score	PoS
inequality	0.635305170773079	NN
reduce	0.0310356414389692	VB
power	0	NN
growth	0.11178243319132	NN
poverty	0.05809266143877	NN

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.356349508513516

Word	Score	PoS
inequality	0	NN
reduce	0.0164833460638534	VB
power	0	NN
growth	0.0519476926891779	NN
poverty	0.269969049497485	NN

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.293061368145135

Word	Score	PoS
inequality	0	NN
reduce	0.0055149369084567	VB
power	0	NN
growth	0.208565600657229	NN
poverty	0.0722601961736204	NN

Education levels vary by country and between rural and urban sectors

Label: 11, with a score of: 0.635453782858271

Word	Score	PoS
education	0	NN
level	0.00692515656684925	NN
country	0	NN
rural	0.0373517915079663	JJ
urban	0.27622591898666	JJ
sector	0	NN

Label: 4, with a score of: 0.530163038188814

Word	Score	PoS
education	0.244244978014045	NN
level	0.0231525547935232	NN
country	0	NN
rural	0	JJ
urban	0	JJ
sector	0	NN

Label: 2, with a score of: 0.342548436857979

Word	Score	PoS
education	0	NN
level	0.00552410547653725	NN
country	0	NN
rural	0.148975141598503	JJ
urban	0	JJ
sector	0.0182713919265625	NN

In rural Kerala and Tamil Nadu the rich access most of the credit and pay relatively low rates

Label: 2, with a score of: 0.618623471931321

Word	Score	PoS
rural	0.148975141598503	JJ
access	0.00749031153171887	NN
credit	0	NN
pay	0	NN
rate	0.0155217067874935	NN

The share of inequality in years of schooling attributable to differences between males and females has been declining

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.958592672823984

Word	Score	PoS
share	0	NN
inequality	0.635305170773079	NN
schooling	0	NN
female	0	NN
decline	0.02794560829783	NN

Children performance differs when their caste is made public

Label: 3, with a score of: 0.495402646323094

Word	Score	PoS
child	0.10682408961305	NN
performance	0	NN
public	0.021678073222951	NN

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.40921205559744

Word	Score	PoS
child	0.0242343960710022	NN
performance	0.064698038783335	NN
public	0.0172128079963482	NN

Label: 5, with a score of: 0.346364529015207

Word	Score	PoS
child	0.0170753354211044	NN
performance	0	NN
public	0.0727679293221751	NN

Label: 16, with a score of: 0.343087130295844

Word	Score	PoS
child	0.0603953832457135	NN
performance	0	NN
public	0.0285977592242194	NN

Label: 11, with a score of: 0.33066596516856

Word	Score	PoS
child	0.0273960270556257	NN
performance	0	NN
public	0.0583751976558017	NN

Market capitalization controlled by the top families in selected countries

Label: 2, with a score of: 0.579045649426454

Word	Score	PoS
market	0.0913569596328122	NN
capitalization	0	NN
control	0	NN
family	0.0297950283197006	NN
country	0	NN

Label: 5, with a score of: 0.445077196080096

Word	Score	PoS
market	0	NN
capitalization	0	NN
control	0.0465610847355851	NN
family	0.0465610847355851	NN
country	0	NN

Label: 3, with a score of: 0.397774794598276

Word	Score	PoS
market	0	NN
capitalization	0	NN
control	0.020806307400253	NN
family	0.0624189222007589	NN
country	0	NN

Africa and Latin America have the world highest levels of inequality

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.988535096016575

Word	Score	PoS
africa	0	IN
world	0.00276879546803864	NN
level	0	NN
inequality	0.635305170773079	NN

Between group inequality decompositions social group of the household head

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.975223483603853

Word	Score	PoS
inequality	0.635305170773079	NN
social	0.101310366625194	JJ
household	0.0330412182586772	NN

Between group inequality decompositions education of the household head

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.924873197995272

Word	Score	PoS
inequality	0.635305170773079	NN
education	0.0121171980355011	NN
household	0.0330412182586772	NN

Label: 4, with a score of: 0.331973140375852

Word	Score	PoS
inequality	0	NN
education	0.244244978014045	NN
household	0	NN

Location education and social groups can make difference regressions of total inequality on shares of between group inequality of different household characteristics

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.955281667423385

Word	Score	PoS
location	0	NN
education	0.0121171980355011	NN
social	0.101310366625194	JJ
total	0	NN
inequality	0.635305170773079	NN
share	0	NN
household	0.0330412182586772	NN
characteristic	0	JJ

Label: 4, with a score of: 0.16465047422461

Word	Score	PoS
location	0	NN
education	0.244244978014045	NN
social	0	JJ
total	0	NN
inequality	0	NN
share	0	NN
household	0	NN
characteristic	0	JJ

Women work longer hours than do men

Label: 5, with a score of: 0.883512810871549

Word	Score	PoS
woman	0.221979360474357	NN

Vanishing twin peaks in life expectancy at birth

Label: 3, with a score of: 0.842943870123346

Word	Score	PoS
life	0.0250390290383647	NN
expectancy	0.0407408489778079	NN
birth	0.0748292956291867	NN

Label: 16, with a score of: 0.394526995832991

Word	Score	PoS
life	0	NN
expectancy	0	NN
birth	0.0658099748168827	NN

Life expectancy is highly correlated with income particularly in poor countries

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.618011520785177

Word	Score	PoS
life	0.0184786920895884	NN
expectancy	0	NN
highly	0	RB
income	0.0442083771593746	NN
poor	0.150659516460257	JJ
country	0	NN

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.482237291734392

Word	Score	PoS
life	0	NN
expectancy	0	NN
highly	0	RB
income	0.166475342664294	NN
poor	0	JJ
country	0	NN

Label: 2, with a score of: 0.345151088966312

Word	Score	PoS
life	0	NN
expectancy	0	NN
highly	0	RB
income	0.0643370113878709	NN
poor	0.0548141757796873	JJ
country	0	NN

Label: 9, with a score of: 0.320523400851877

Word	Score	PoS
life	0	NN
expectancy	0	NN
highly	0	RB
income	0.110649350233433	NN
poor	0	JJ
country	0	NN

The distribution of years of schooling improved greatly in the second half of the twentieth century

Label: 13, with a score of: 0.933500738807394

Word	Score	PoS
schooling	0	NN
improve	0.0102677744436108	VB
century	0.219293228426234	NN

Mean years of schooling increased while inequality declined across birth cohorts

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.955374541772633

Word	Score	PoS
schooling	0	NN
increase	0.00285817158600878	NN
inequality	0.635305170773079	NN
decline	0.02794560829783	NN
birth	0.0396106020715138	NN

Returns to capital vary with firm size evidence from small Mexican firms

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.65158284695393

Word	Score	PoS
return	0	NN
firm	0	NN
size	0.0396106020715138	NN
evidence	0.12939607756667	NN

Label: 9, with a score of: 0.606312649541902

Word	Score	PoS
return	0	NN
firm	0.0602029956716497	NN
size	0.0368585655748969	NN
evidence	0	NN

Label: 16, with a score of: 0.414416625722746

Word	Score	PoS
return	0.107490825192354	NN
firm	0	NN
size	0	NN
evidence	0	NN

Inefficient allocation of resources the example of the Gounders vs

Label: 12, with a score of: 0.605985424253517

Word	Score	PoS
inefficient	0.0542519672965169	JJ
resource	0.0416785799329393	NN

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.466913548977273

Word	Score	PoS
inefficient	0	JJ
resource	0.0739147683583536	NN

Label: 14, with a score of: 0.36143363599274

Word	Score	PoS
inefficient	0	JJ
resource	0.0572167664438909	NN

the outsiders

Label: 0, with a score of: 1

Average returns for switching to pineapples as an intercrop can exceed percent

Label: 13, with a score of: 0.795938963957206

Word	Score	PoS
average	0.1656430212089	NN
return	0	NN
exceed	0.0828215106044499	VB

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.469651437290897

Word	Score	PoS
average	0.146608885563018	NN
return	0	NN
exceed	0	VB

Label: 16, with a score of: 0.344339433133975

Word	Score	PoS
average	0	NN
return	0.107490825192354	NN
exceed	0	VB

Profit wealth ratios are highest for the smallest farms

Label: 2, with a score of: 0.953354488752001

Word	Score	PoS
ratio	0	NN
farm	0.291708356920574	NN

Countries with more secure property rights have higher average incomes

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.658239206955743

Word	Score	PoS
country	0	NN
secure	0	JJ
property	0	NN
rights	0	NNS
average	0.146608885563018	NN
income	0.166475342664294	NN

Label: 13, with a score of: 0.348253668144334

Word	Score	PoS
country	0	NN
secure	0	JJ
property	0	NN
rights	0	NNS
average	0.1656430212089	NN
income	0	NN

Label: 1, with a score of: 0.356967486846371

Word	Score	PoS
country	0	NN
secure	0	JJ
property	0.0736315832425121	NN
rights	0.0519476926891779	NNS
average	0	NN
income	0.0442083771593746	NN

Label: 8, with a score of: 0.328687662813466

Word	Score	PoS
country	0	NN
secure	0.121575732851624	JJ
property	0	NN
rights	0.0347609334428716	NNS
average	0	NN
income	0	NN

Low population density in is associated with lower risk of expropriation today

Label: 11, with a score of: 0.712913187728104

Word	Score	PoS
population	0.0194583992186006	NN
density	0.0731385760866977	NN
risk	0.0631828116343571	NN

Label: 10, with a score of: 0.393864892856156

Word	Score	PoS
population	0.0860640399817412	NN
density	0	NN
risk	0	NN

Label: 3, with a score of: 0.322135109120234

Word	Score	PoS
population	0	NN
density	0	NN
risk	0.0703902516159815	NN